Science, Spiritualism & Medicine: week 3

Monday, 14th May 2012

Spiritualism, Science & Medicine: week 3

Having had to endure a fortnights break following our second class I was more than ready for this session, which again proved extremely informative, insightful and liberating. I say that as the subject matter was easily related to everyday life. Past personal experiences helped me contribute to the discussions, which tonight involved two new students both of whom easily integrated into the relaxed environment.

So, to this weeks subject area: Random Acts of Kindness

Before discussing the notes I'll detail my own ongoing personal experiment, to perform a few acts per week, throughout the duration of the 10 week course. One thing that sprang to mind is just how difficult it can be to move to this mindset. Being comfortable with my work and family environments I tend to take a great deal for granted. So much so, that I hastily plow throw my days, only concerning myself with issues and addressing negative situations. This lifestyle leaves little room for unplanned, spontaneous giving ...or so it seems. Anyway, I guess I'll have to keep my eyes open every day in order to spot opportunities - that in itself is a challenge I'm happy to rise to. So, last week's Random Acts of Kindness? Well, I managed just 5 over the past fortnight, which seems very poor indeed. I'll endeavour to increase my actions from here on in and strive to initiate a more caring mindset, but it's not easy! To note:

1. 8th May - I noticed that one of my female colleagues wasn't as perky as usual and looked a little under the weather, last week. In an effort to improve her mood I asked if everything was OK and she shared with me that she felt a little stressed at work as well as feeling a little run down. When I saw her today I made a point of going on to her and remarking how much more lively she seemed; a return to her good self. She was happy to hear this and seemed to outwardly perk up further. This brief encounter made me feel happy that I had shown concern, empathy to her stress and helped raise her spirits.
2. 8th May - One of my fellow Sociology students, Jamil from Africa is living in Swansea whilst studying before returning to his home town to teach. In order to make him feel welcome I made a point of approaching him after our first lesson and then again today. In fact, as I waited in the sunshine he called over to me on his way to class. I made sure I shook his hand and we talked, as new friends, discussing his plans and experiences of the UK to-date. I was keen to hear his views on the Western world and share his experiences, good and bad. I was happy and intrigued to learn of his country and culture. He was happy to share this and to learn of my background. I believe we both felt good at having bonded, for mutual support in class and outside of the university, should circumstances arise. I'd be happy to show him the local sights and invite him to my home. I hope he feels he has a new friend and that he has a friendly ear when needed. I'm positively attempting to integrate at a multicultural level. I find it rewarding and it's providing me with a warm feeling each time we meet.
3. 14th May - an intuitive act: A young friend, a student on my wife's course lost her father to Cancer last summer. She obviously took it badly but focused on her degree work as it was his final wish for her to continue to study and to 'graduate for him'. She's had a few down days but keeps herself in high spirits, has a large group of friends and still enjoys her student life. For some reason I dreamt of her last night and thought she needed a hug - that was the extent of my recollection. I arranged to finish work early to allow me to call into their college for a 20 minute catch-up in the cafe, before I went on to my university study. Although I thought it may be awkward to explain to my wife - that I wanted to hug her friend in a supportive way, I text her to arrange the meeting and told her of my intuition. We all met and I hugged her friend closely, so that she felt supported and told her of my dream. We all 3 of us had a lovely conversation and enjoyed our brief 'free time'. Both myself and her friend left feeling happy and my wife thought no more of it. In retrospect I could easily have dismissed my concern and avoided the issue, but having followed through on it I have a great feeling of achievement at having given a little support to our friend in her final weeks study.
4. 10th May - We have a young lad in our Scout troop that has ADHD and is on strong medication to combat his condition. I help run the troop and was helping run a game of 'chase'. When it was this lads turn to chase one of the others through a maze constructed by their fellow Scouts it was obvious that he was enjoying the experience despite not standing a chance of catching the runner. I leaned in and whispered to the runner to slow down a little, as a favour for me and to allow the lad to tag him; to 'give him a chance'. This was done and they all changed places. The young lad was over the moon that he'd successfully participated in the game and I felt good that he'd not felt in any way disadvantaged and was 'just as good as the others'. A happy, warm personal experience. He was very happy and I imagine he went home and told his parents, who in turn would have felt happier.
5. 8th May - It was 10pm when my eldest son called me to ask for a lift home from his girlfriends house, even though I'd reminded him earlier to ensure he was on the 9pm bus. My wife was busy with her college study and I was on my last legs, having been up since 6am, having had a very busy day at work and having attended a study class earlier that evening. I was angry that he'd called me as I just wanted to crawl into bed. Having considered the options I decided to put my frustration aside and give him the lift as I didn't want him to catch the late bus home. I picked him up and explained I was grouchy due to my tiredness and he apologised, explaining he was unaware of the situation and that he'd avoid it in future, being more considerate with his time/plans. I was happy he was home safely and proceeded to bed, all anger gone. Importantly, I felt the conversation was honest and that we'd built on our relationship in a positive manner, with lessons being learnt on both sides.

I'm trying ...and when I get the opportunity to perform a random, unplanned act of kindness I always feel good afterwards, having seen the person whom I've interacted with feel benefit too. More to come.

From Science to God, by Peter Russell - a book review!

His latest book tells the story of his "...lifelong exploration into the nature of consciousness. Blending physics, psychology, and philosophy, he leads us to a new worldview in which consciousness is a fundamental quality of creation. He shows how all the ingredients for this worldview are in place; nothing new needs to be discovered. We have only to put the pieces together and explore the new picture of reality that emerges."

From Science to God: A Physicist's Journey into the Mystery of Consciousness, by Peter Russell, New World Library, Novato, CA, USA, 2003.

I ordered my copy following my last class where it was recommended by Dr. Sartori, and read it over the interim two weeks. Here's a link to his web site and profile. Click on the picture above to visit the Amazon web site to take a 'look inside'. My review:

Peter Russell specialised in science from an early age, becoming a firm atheist. Likewise, I've been involved in Computing since the age of 13 and coming from a fairly non-religious family - we're Church of England Christians who visit church only for formal family occasions e.g. funerals, weddings and christenings - I too, never really saw any room or need for God in my life preferring in the past to focus on my work and family commitments. Even my hobbies were technical ...until I starting surfing a few years ago. Now well into my forties I realise that the natural world and the universe around us is not something that can be taken for granted. Why are we all unique individuals, why has man evolved the way he has over time and why do coincidences seem to happen every so often? Like Peter Russell, I knew there was something more.

Having studied and as a physicist at Cambridge then consequently having travelled to Indian, he questioned how science explains how (or fails to have an understanding of) spirituality and how our consciousness works in the way that it does. How do we construct reality? He describes how historically physicists have come to realise again and again over time that there is an intrinsic link between science and spirituality and luckily for me, he doesn't get too technical. There are plenty of references to eminent scholars such as Einstein and mystics such as St. Augustine and Teilhard de Chardin and many more. I found all the quotes to be profound and insightful and was delighted by them.

At a little over 120 pages the book is an easy read, although I found myself re-reading many paragraphs as the gravity of his statements began to sink in. Indeed, I was enlightened (if you'll excuse the phrase) by his thoughts on how the mind constructs reality, of the power of light and of the very nature of atoms and our relationship with the solid items that surround us!

I heartily recommend this book to anyone who struggles to find the missing piece of the jigsaw puzzle in their lives. I'm still searching, but I now know that I'm one step closer and also, more importantly that my eyes have been opened to a new reality that will help me on my journey.

...and now to this weeks notes:

14th May 2012: Week 3 - Random Acts of Kindness

Classroom Notes

Global study (all cultures): What would you prefer in a mate?
Kindness far exceeded good looks or financial prospects in both men and women.

What are the after effects of performing a random act of kindness on our health?

Weekly exercise

Try to perform three random acts of kindness over the next week and at each instance note:

• What was your mood like before performing an act?
• How did the recipient respond to your act?
• How you felt as a result?

In conclusion

These entries can be used as a reflective part of my final course diary. At the end of the two month period consider:

• Has your overall mood improved?
• Do you feel like you have more energy?
• After performing at least 3 acts per week for the past 8 weeks have you noticed any difference in your overall health?

Studies of Random Acts of Kindness have shown:

• Helps improve mood.
• Helps people you don't even have contact with. The effect ripples out from the person you helped.
• Boosts energy
• Changes your energy field, attracting different experiences to you; positive and negative.
• Boosts feelings of immunity.
• Provides overall benefits to your health and those that you have helped.

Kindness is attractive.

2008 UK Govt Survey: One of 5 ways to mental wellbeing is to give; "Do something nice for a friend or stranger. Thank someone. Smile. Volunteer your time. Join a community group. Look out, as well as in. Seeing yourself and your happiness as linked to the wider community can be incredibly rewarding and creates connections with people around you."

When undertaking a random act of kindness you are being of service to others.

Benefits of volunteering

The Australian National University (2008) found that those volunteering 2-4 hours per week had significant health benefits, but there was little difference in those volunteering more than 4 hours and those volunteering 16-20 hours saw a decline in those benefits. If volunteering becomes an obligation instead of something pleasurable then it can have the same affect as feeling like a routine job and the stress that goes with it - help when you can but don't wear yourself out.

Allan Luks (1990) study showed:

95% of helpers/givers felt good, with 90% of those reporting improved health.

57% reported feelings of greater self worth.

54% had immediate warm feelings.

53% felt happier in themselves and felt more optimistic.

50% reported feeling a high.

43% felt stronger and more energetic.

29% felt energised.

Physiological Responses to performing Random Acts of Kindness

1. The 'helpers high'.
2. A release of serotonin and dopamine chemicals, giving increased optimism, positive thoughts and an elevated mode - These occupy the same neural circuits as addictive drugs.
3. Oxytocin is a hormone produced for bonding; the 'love hormone.' It's produced when we perform and act, when we hug, when we are in love, when we feel a strong connection with someone, or with a deity. Also, when we are kind and compassionate towards others, and when we socialise.

Ways in which to increase oxytocin:

• Be inspired.
• Express your emotions.
• Get a massage.
• Support a loved one.
• Give a hug.
• Stoke a pet!

How can kindness relieve pain?

Endorphins are released when we help others. These bind to the same neural circuits of the brain that transmit pain. The binding reduces the feelings of pain by interrupting the flow of those chemicals transmitting the pain.

Kindness is contagious.

Compassion benefits health as it boost the immune system.

Post & Niemark (2007) study showed the Top 10 ways we like to give to others:

1. Celebration - gratitude for what we have.

2. Generativity - nurture others, developing lives in unexpected ways/paths.

3. Forgiveness - brings inner freedom, serenity, peace & sets us free.

4. Courage - confrontation with evil has changed history (Gandhi).

5. Humour - can instantly change pain to joy.

6. Respect - acceptance of others choices.

7. Compassion - the emotional core of reality.

8. Loyalty - love through time.

9. Listening - the gift of caring.

10. Creativity - the joyful expression of life itself.

This Week's To Do List:

1. Note down my personal thoughts and update my blog.
2. Read around the subject, at Dr. Sartori's blog.
3. Next week: Shamanism - find a good documentary beforehand, on Youtube, as prep.
4. Copy and file notes.
5. Continue to commit random acts of kindness.

My Thoughts - a summary

Simply put, helping others and being nice to people by performing random acts of kindness has significant benefits for your health, happiness and mental wellbeing, as well as to those whom you've offered your services. This creates a ripple effect of good tidings that goes far beyond our local vision. It doesn't take a rocket scientist to realise how improved our world can be, through simple, kind interaction. If each one of us did one kind thing a day for someone else then wow, imagine how much better the world would be?

Introduction to Sociology - week 3

8th May 2012

The third week saw yet more new faces in the classroom and more lively discussion than in previous weeks. I watched the changing group dynamics as some students happily entered into lively debate throughout the session. People are now relating to each other's background experiences and forcing discussions albeit in a friendly manner, often challenging group or individuals opinions. This, for me was a wonderful development that brought the subject alive.

We started by completing last week's exercise - working in groups and presenting factual information relating to our allocated newspaper articles, before arguing against the presented points of view. I took my turn to aid my fellow student, before we both argued our points with the rest of the class. I believe I played my part in the debate and welcomed constructive discussion, enjoying the moment. Full details of the article, along with the facts and points against are recorded in my Week 2 blog.

And so on to the third week's focus:

The Family - Sociological Ideas about 'Family'

The standard format PowerPoint presentation was accompanied by a printout of the slides allowing us to take notes whilst the lecturer talked around each point. The slides covered the following points:

Part-time degree, Level 1 – Discussions about the family and households. Relationship of the family to the social structure and social change, with particular reference to the economy and to state policies. Also, the changing patterns of marriage, cohabitation, separation, divorce, child-bearing and the life course, and the diversity of contemporary families and household structures.

Nature and extent of changes in the family regarding gender roles, domestic labour, power relationships, the nature of childhood and changes in the status of children in the family and society. Additionally, demographic UK trends since 1900 re changes in birth rates, death rates and family size.


How do you define your family group? - Several students provided their definitions based on their own family lives: (1) Mum, Dad, brother and sister, (2) Parents, brothers, sisters, extended family members and even friends - Jamil (African), (3) the Human Race, (4) the nuclear family, 2.4 children, and (5) Mother and sister, as father left many years ago.

Part 1 -Definitions & Universality 

Why the family is important in acquiring culture, how the family can be defined and, is the family universal?

After the session I looked up the definition of 'Universal' - The Free Dictionary (online): Universal - "Of, relating to, extending to, or affecting the entire World or all within the World; Worldwide."

Basic Ideas - Family is the primary socialisation agency of society, forming the central experiences of an individuals life - as a child and most adults through parenthood. The place where we are most likely to "be ourselves."

Our Task in studying the family - To recognise the positive and negative features. The ways in which the family is changing, to explore the meanings of family life to it's members. To understand the role of the family in acquiring culture and to ask is the family in decline and dying?

A. Giddens

Anthony Giddens defines the family as 

"A group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for the children."

Kinship - relationships based on biological or marital ties.

Household - the place of domesticity.






What proportions of households contain families like this? - mixed couple with two children; the 'Nuclear family' with 2.4 children. Answer (2005): just 21% of UK households ...and Married couples with children form just 18% of UK households! Interesting statistics indeed...

Murdock and Goode on the Nuclear family - George Murdock (1949): basic family unit across the World is the nuclear, comprising mother, father and their offspring. This seems more than a little out-moded to me! William Goode (1963): worldwide trend is moving towards Western model of the nuclear family. Again, this now seems out-dated and old fashioned, in my opinion as I personally know very many people who come from family structures other than the nuclear model.

W. Goode

G.Murdock

Alternatives to the traditional family - Polygamy
British people mostly practise monogamy - marriage of only 2 people, of the opposite sex. Common practise today is serial monogamy - married to several people over a lifetime, but only 1 at a time).

Polygamy - marriage that involves at least 3 people.
Polygyny - where a man can have more than 1 wife.
Polyandry - where a woman can have more than 1 husband.

The Nayar tribe: a case study - Kathleen Gough (1972): women bore children for up to 12 husbands. Biological fathers took no responsibility for children's upbringing - the mother's brothers were economically responsible for her offspring. Reflections of this in contemporary family; single parents with family help.

The Oneida Community (Boston 1848) - founded by Christian preacher, John Humphrey Noyes: sexual activity between agreeable members, but only those considered suitable were allowed to reproduce. An ethos of group marriage where children were raised communally.

The Russian Experiment - Followed the Russian Revolution (1917): deliberate attempt to destroy the traditional family unit. Marriage and divorce both abolished, nurseries, laundrettes and canteens introduced to free women of domestic work. The idea had to be abandoned after children became psychologically disturbed by the instability as parents went through many partners.

Kibbutz System: Israel - Today approx. 5% of Israel's population live in Kibbutz and it's no longer considered a good alternative. Children raised in age groups, apart from their parents, only spending family time with their biological parents each evening and on weekends. Today, Kibbutz children eat and sleep with their parents.

Black matrifocal families - Matrifocal: where the mother is the head of the family.Absent fathers is common in Afro-Caribbean families; lone parent families, as in contemporary society.

Communes -Element of sharing but the family unit is usually embodied in the wider community. Communes vary in structure and liberality. Since the mid 1970's the number UK communes has been in decline, halving from around 100 to approx. 50.

Is the Nuclear Family universal? - Diana Gittins (1993) suggests it's only possible to talk of relationships as universal, not the family unit. Robert Chester argues that snapshots of households is misleading as most people live in families at one time during their life-cycle. Barrett & McIntosh (1991) stress that it is the 'idea of the nuclear family as universal' that is the significant fact.

Part 2 - The Functions of the Family

This section reviews the 'loss of family' thesis, considers the functions of the family unit, and that in late modernity/postmodern society (from the 1970's onwards) the family unit is taking on new functions. Growth in people seeking alternative styles of family life and alternatives to the family unit.

Ronald Fletcher (1966) talked of the 'multifunctional family' but was equally aware of the family being stripped of its secondary functions. He felt the modern nuclear family was being left with 'residual' functions. Residual - definition (thefreedisctionary.com): 'The quantity left over at the end of a process; a remainder.'

George Murdock's Universal Residual Functions - George Murdock survey (1949) of 250 societies: claimed there are 4 universal residual functions of the family, a Functionalist view:

sexual
economic
education - socialisation (the first institution)
reproductive


Talcott Parsons: Family Stripped of its Function - Talcott Parsons sees the modern family stripped to just 2 'basic and irriducable' functions, a functionalist view:

Socialisation of children.
Stabilisation of adult personalities.

T.Parsons

Critique of the Functionalist view - Murdock and Parsons take a functionalist perspective on the family. This can be seen as over-romantic and idealised, often referred to the 'warm bath theory' of the family.

Family adaptation in Postmodern Society -In post 1970's the family is modifying itself to meet the changing circumstances of contemporary society. Less children, but more child-centred. Many couples choose to stay childless.


Source of emotional support - function to provide warmth and security,  and emotional support. All members benefit from the loving relationships they share with one another.


Family as a Source of Identity - the family provides a sense of identity. Clearly important to family members e.g. recent interest by media and individuals in family histories/trees.

Family as Leisure - provide shared leisure, holidays and special occasions e.g. weddings, birthdays, outings, cultural and educational visits (cinema, theatre, museums etc.)

Alternatives to the Traditional family - increasing numbers are rejecting the traditional family: singlehood, gay families, childless couples.

Singlehood - Past 40 years has seen a dramatic increase in the proportion of 1 person households. 12% of people in UK now live alone. Many are elderly or widowed, but not all. This is much more popular in the white population than in ethnic minorities. Divorced people and single professional young men and women help make up 29% of UK households. Factors can include the growth of number of FITT women - financially independent business women, as they no longer need to be financially dependant on a man - creative singlehood reflects the growth of the affluent young. More fashionable 'singles' accommodation is now available. There have been increases in divorce rates and separations from cohabitation. Also, delay or rejection of marriage or cohabitation plans.

Childless Couples - now less pressure on people to have children with couples putting lifestyle choice above starting a family. Some are put off by the increasing estimated cost of bringing up a child; approx. £50,000 from birth to aged 18.

Gay and lesbian relationships - often childless, but in 2002 UK Govt announced plans to allow same-sex couples to adopt children. Medical technology - surrogacy - allows people to conceive children in non-traditional ways. The non-traditional family form is slowly becoming less of a rarity.

Conclusions - Part 1 - Definitions & Universality

 

The family is defined as people tied by relationships based on blood, marriage, cohabitation and adoption. George Murdock sees the Nuclear Family at the heart of all families. William Goode sees the worldwide trend moving towards the Western model of the nuclear family (written in the 1950's and 1960's).

But, there are many examples that challenge universality, including anthropological examples like the historical Nayar tribe. There have been deliberate attempts to produce collective-based families like the Oneida Community. The Russian 'experiment' was important as it shows how significant the family is to society. The Kibbutz system of Israel is not seen as a real alternative. Diana Gittins argues that due to such variability in societies it is difficult to define the family as universal, only relationships. Robert Chester argues that 'snapshots' of households conceal the importance of family of peoples' life-cycle.

Conclusions - Part 2 - Functions of the Family

There is general support for the 'loss of functions' thesis that argues that the family has been stripped of many of its functions i.e. the functionalist views: George Murdock sees the family performing just 4 universal residual functions - sexual, reproductive, socialisation (education) and economic - but Talcott Parsons (written 1950's) sees the family as performing just 2 'basic and irriducable' functions - socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult personalities.

There has been growth in people rejecting traditional families. 12% of the UK population now lives alone, accounting for nearly one third of households. Couples account for almost a third of UK households, too. In this less homophobic society there has been an increase in gay and lesbian relationships.



To-Do List

Not so much this week :-)

Copy and file notes.

Review notes and handouts, and blog my thoughts.

Reading to complement tonight's class: Sociology, Chapter 9, Families and Intimate Relationships – Anthony Giddens.

Topics:

Sociology, Chapter 2, Asking and Answering Sociological Questions,

Anthony Giddens.

Basic concepts.

The family in historical context.

The development of family life.

The way we never were? Myths of the traditional family.

Lawrence Stone - classic study: The Family in Europe.

Families in global context.

Families and intimate relationships.

Development and diversity in family patterns.

South Asian families.

Black families.

Inequality within the family.

Balancing work and care.

Case study: British families with dependant children:by ethnic group, 2001.

Housework.

Intimate violence.

Domestic violence.

Social class.

Divorce and separation.

The rise of divorce.

Lone-parent households.

Diane Vaughan case study: Uncoupling - the experience of breaking up.

Fathering and the absent father.

Changing attitudes to family life.

Carol Smart, Bren Neale case study: Family Fragments?

New partnerships, step families and kin relationships.

Bean-pole families.

Alternatives to traditional marriage and family life.

Cohabitation.

Gay and lesbian partnerships.

Theoretical perspectives on families and relationships.

Functionalism.

Feminist approaches.

Case study: Talcott Parsons - The functions of family.

Theorising the transformation of love and intimacy.

The transformation of intimacy.

The 'normal chaos' of love.

Liquid love?

Conclusion: the debate about family values.

Summary - Final Thoughts

A very enjoyable session of student debate and lively group discussion that proved rewarding, thought provoking and very good fun. The family is a massively complex subject area, diverse in states and cultures and showing ever changing trends. It's opened my eyes to looking at the world in a much more contemplative and considerate way. We all face challenges and everyones family circumstances are unique due to the relationships we build with those related to us. It's a huge subject area that we all have  strong views on. The sociological study is extremely informative.

I'm not really looking forward to the background reading as work as been real hectic this past week, but I'm still keenly awaiting my next class. Who'd have thought..?

Introduction to Sociology – week 2

1^st May 2012

The second week saw a few more new students in the classroom and a more relaxed session, given everyone’s familiarity with the environment. Group dynamics at micro-level, eh? We opened with a PowerPoint presentation:

Introducing Social Theorists

This was accompanied by a printout of the slides allowing us to take notes whilst the lecturer talked around each point. Last week’s pre-reading, the first chapter of Anthony Giddens’ Sociology: chapter 1 – What is Sociology?, provided a firm platform for tonight’s lesson; book link, below.

The slides covered the following points:

The social perspective – sociological imagination, sociology and common sense, sociology and science, explained below.

Definition: The Sociological Perspective – “Sociology is the study of human society and social interactions.” It’s scientific in that it uses theories.

Sociological imagination – C.Wright Mills (Wiki link) coined the term, referring to “…the vivid awareness of the relationship between private experience and the wider society.” He wrote the classic “Sociological Imagination” which joined the two theories put forward by Marx and Weber stating that when we look at peoples lives we must consider 2 areas, their biography as well as their history.

Click on the picture to link to the Amazon web site, to take a 'Look Inside' and read more.

Sociology and Common Sense – common sense assumptions are mostly made on limited observations and their premises are seldom examined. Sociology seeks to:

            Use a broad range of carefully selected observations; and
            Theoretically understand and explain those observations.

i.e. it seeks to use theories to check out known hypothesis, to avoid making assumptions.

Sociology and Science – Science is “…a body of systematically arranged knowledge that shows the operation of general laws.” As a science, Sociology employs the scientific method; using hypothesis.

The scientific method – (i) review literature > (ii) formulate hypothesis > (iii) choose research design > (iv) gather data > (v) analyse data.

Sociology and the social sciences – relates to cultural anthropology, considering psychology, economics, history, political science and social work.

The development of sociology – emerged as a separate discipline in the 18^th century, a time of great social upheaval due largely to (i) the French Revolution and (ii) the Industrial Revolution. It was shaped by the initial work of several early Sociologists:

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) – coined the term Sociology and set out to develop the “Science of man” based on empirical observation. Empirical – a philosophy of knowledge derived from experiment and observation. Comte focused on 2 aspects:

Social statics – forces that create order and stability.

Social dynamics – forces that contribute to social change.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) – One of earliest analysis of culture and life in the USA, entitled “Theory and Practice of Societyin America.” She also brought a woman’s perspective to Sociology as well as translating Comte’s “Positive Philosophy” into English.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) – wrote the first sociological text, “Principles of Sociology” and proposed a doctrine called Social Darwinism – ‘survival of the fittest’ – where people cannot compete because they’re poorly adapted to an environment and hence, inferior in skills.

Karl Marx (1818-1883) – the father of ‘Conflict Theory’; human history in continual conflict between social classes, the Bourgeoiseie (capitalists) – owners of the means of production versus the Proletariat – the workers. He predicted revolution > the 1^st socialist state > the first communist society.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) – Moved sociology into the realm of empirical science. Most well known empirical study, entitled “Suicide” – the social causes of suicide. The founder of Functionalist Theory.

Max Weber (1864-1920) – Much critique and clarification of Marx’s work. Challenged Marx’s ideas on role of religion in society in his work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit ofCapitalism.” Also interested in bureaucracies and the process of rationalization in society.

Development of Sociology in the USA – began in University of Chicago in early 20^th Century with early emphasis on empirical study of communities and neighbourhoods. Later, east coast Columbia and Harvard Universities opened Sociology Depts producing such scholars as WEB Dubios, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton.

Theoretical perspectives in sociology: " Introduction to the three major theories in sociology"

"Stereotypes and predjuces"

Theoretical perspectives – Functionalism – society as a system of highly integrated parts working together harmoniously; a living organism. Each part of society works together for the benefit of the whole.

Theoretical perspectives – Conflict Theory – grounded in the work of Karl Marx. Conflicting interest groups vying for power and privilege. Dynamic results of constant social change – a normal state of affairs. Concentrates on inequality and differential distribution of power and wealth.

Theoretical perspectives – The Interactionist Perspective – how individuals make sense of and interpret the world around them. Focusses on small groups and their micro-order. Given rise to the following approaches:

Symbolic Interactionism – George Herbert Mead

Ethnomethodology – Harold Garfinkel
Dramaturgy – Erving Goffman

Comparing Theoretical Perspectives

A good slide that easily allowed us to compare the perspectives:

Structural Functionalism – macro level
Various parts of society are interdependent.
Social systems are highly stable.
Social life governed by consensus and cooperation.
Focus on functional and dysfunction aspects of society.

Conflict Theory – macro level
Society accommodates between competing interest groups.
Society unstable and prone to change.
Social life is conflict laden.
Focus on how social inequalities produce conflict.
Focus on who benefits from social arrangements.

Interactionist – micro level
Actions have symbolic meanings and these meanings can vary.
Focus on how people make sense of their world.

Group Exercise

The class was split into groups of 3 or 4 students and each group was given a recent press article to study. The article was to be considered and then discussed from the opposite perspective from which we felt it had been written. Findings to be documented then discussed with the class. Unfortunately, this exercise ran over time and we concluded to complete the work in our spare time as homework prior to the next lesson.

My groups article was titled “Research for the Rich, Rules for the Poor” by Tom Clark, from the Opinion section of The Guardian newspaper.

Facts stated:

Only 2 groups of workers were discussed; the top 1% tax payers and the bottom 1% earners.

Top 1% earners to have 5% reduction in amount of tax they pay in 2011.

Bottom 1% earners (most on sub 16hr working weeks) will lose Working Tax Credits)

Research was only performed on 1 group, the top 1% i.e. effects on the other 99% working tax payers were not studied.

The plans were well publicized and the top 1% group knew changes were coming.

As they knew change was coming they moved their liquid cash to the following year to gain maximum benefit from the cuts. Hence the figures used for the research year were not the norm.

The article portrays a Capitalist society.

Argument Against Article:

The top 1% of earners are self made successful business people who've taken risks and worked hard to achieve their positions. As such, why should they have to pay more tax than anyone else?

The money (paying less tax) they will save could be re-invested in their companies, thereby creating more jobs for the bottom earners.

By saving money (paying less tax) they will have more to invest and spend, thereby bouying up the UK economy.

Political buy-in. By reducing the top 1% groups tax the Chancellor will keep the businessmen 'on side', ensuring their ongoing financial and political support.

To-Do List

Another list. Even though the course is just two hours a week, it seems to come around so quickly! Time management is key. So,

Copy and file notes.
File handouts.
Review notes and handouts, and blog my thoughts.
Complete exercise.
Reading ahead of next class: Sociology, Chapter 2, Asking and Answering Sociological Questions – Anthony Giddens.

Pre-reading ahead of session 3:

Sociology, Chapter 2, Asking and Answering Sociological Questions,
Anthony Giddens.

Teamroom Trade – Laud Humphries (1970).

Human subjects and ethical problems.

Sociological questions.

Is sociology scientific?

The research process.

Understanding cause and effect.

Causation and correlation.

Research methods.

Ethnography.

Surveys.

Experiments.

Biographical research.

Comparative research.

Historical analysis.

Comparitive-historical research.

Sociological research in the real world.

Restating the obvious.

The influence of sociology.

Summary.

Further reading.

Internet links.

Summary

After completing my second class and the associated To Do list, I can some up the course so far as being extremely thought provoking – I’m looking at news and media articles in a new light, watching family, friendship and work group dynamics from a sociological standpoint and essentially taking a different view on events and actions in my world. That’s quite a claim after just a few hours tuition and reading, but it’s entirely true. I’m a busy bee these days, focussing on my study requirements as well as my full time job, my family commitments and my leisure time. At times, I feel a little overwhelmed but the workloads are manageable and I’m putting my lethargy down to my lack of working the old grey matter for quite some time. Sociology is a long way from my specialism, Computing, but the challenge is rewarding and I’m learning new skills each week, meeting new people and interacting positively with the class. It’s all very enjoyable.

Stay tuned…

Spiritualism, Science & Medicine: week 2

My second session was just as enjoyable and informative as the first class. I'm starting to relate my new found knowledge to specific past personal experiences and I don't think it's too strong of me to say that this course is proving to be a revelation for me.

Having managed to get through my initial To Do list with time to spare over the past week, I'm a little more confident in my time management skills. That's a big positive for me! Also, in this week's blog I intend to use more images as a means to highlighting certain areas - the text is getting quite long! I'm not sure how I'll reduce the 10 week study notes into a 1500 word essay, but I guess the documentation is good practise for things to come. EEK!

So, last week's Random Acts of Kindness? Well, I managed five that were quickly noted down:

1. Apr 24th: My father frets about the smallest things. His allotment is his pride and joy and this year he's given me a small piece of land to grow some vegetables and keep a couple of chickens. I've had a great time ploughing and planting my potato beds and all but took over his greenhouse with my seed trays ...but now that the green peas are ready to go into the ground he's been fretting as to when it'll get done, what with my full time job and study. So, even though I wanted to sew them, to prove in some strange way that I'm fully capable of growing my own produce, I decided to ask him to help me out and plant them for me. He was very pleased to get the job done and I was glad that he felt he'd helped out and also that he'd stopped fretting!
2. Apr 23rd: On my way home from the initial class I stopped at Salisbury's to pick up a few things. I noticed a disabled driver struggling to place his wheelchair back in his vehicle so I offered to help. He chose to do it himself, but asked me my name before introducing himself and thanking me for my concern. I believe we both felt good about the offer.
3. Apr 25th: I noticed a fellow student in my Sociology class was suffering from an injured, plastered ankle. Sharing the lift on the way out of the building I held the doors for her and engaged in conversation where she explained to me her disability and ongoing medical treatment and we briefly discussed her daily shopping difficulties and the compassion not shown by some businesses. I believe the exchange left us both with a warm feeling.
4. Apr 26th: As I was driving into work, through a busy shopping complex roundabout I saw an old lady pushing a wheelchair, stopped in the central crossing reservation. I stopped my car, halting the flow of the traffic and waved them across. She waved her thanks and I felt as if I'd performed a small, but albeit good deed.
5. Apr 30th: My 17 year old son had decided to complete his A-levels and then get a job, despite our past hopes that he would continue study. I've been taking him to apprenticeship tests for the past few weeks. On Sunday evening he informed us that his lack of confidence was the only thing stopping him studying but that he'd overcome it, taken career advice and contacted a number on universities re an electrical engineering BSc degree courses. Also that he'd been provisionally accepted by two establishments. I was over the moon and congratulated him. He was happy that he'd done it all off his own back and then asked my to help him with his Student Profile statements and his financial paperwork. Having taken a step back and allowed him his own choice I feel I've been rewarded by his decision. His request for my help makes me feel appreciated. All in all, it's a current high point in my relationship with my moody teenage son!

 I'll continue to pursue this week's opportunities for acts of random kindness as initial experiences suggest these actions are extremely positive and beneficial for all parties involved. Happy.

An admin aside: this Blogger web editor isn't good at allowing bulleted indentations. Hmm ...but thankfully the spellchecker makes up for it, whilst copying text from Word does seem to introduce a few spacing issues.

Dr Sartori

Did I mention we're being lectured by one of the global specialists in NDE's (Near Death Experiences)? Well now I have. Dr Sartori has her own web site and blog. Click on the links to learn about some extremely interesting stories regarding NDE and the miracles that science struggles to explain.

Before I get around to detailing the second lesson I feel it's worth noting some of the background reading I picked up on after the first lesson:

The Gaia Hypothesis

This was briefly mentioned in the first class, with reference to self healing so I thought I'd do a little reading up on it. Here's a great link to the Universe Today web site entry that details an article originally published by The Guardian. This short piece as well worth reading and provides the basic premise of James Lovelock's hypothesis in easy to understand text. It also contains a link to the Daisyworld simulation, but read the initial page first then follow the link to be blinded by the proof that backs up the theory. It's a whole new way of looking at the world around us. Wahoo.

In summary, James Loveluck, during part of his Life on Mars research for NASA in the 1960's, devised the Gaia Hypothesis - that planet Earth can be considered a living organism with the ability to self heal. As a surfer and someone who loves the natural environment I've never seen reason to question this; it's almost common sense to me. Yes, I participate in beach cleans and recycle all my packaging goods, but global warming seems like a pulse in the curve of the planets ongoing evolution and as such doesn't much concern me. I believe the Earth will heal itself, whatever the consequences are for mankind.

Another ice age? An arid desert world? I believe evolution will continue irrespective of man's ability, or not, to survive our own carnage. If you oppose my view then feel free to say so. I encourage the debate.

Anita Moorjani

I noticed this story on Dr Sartori's blog and thought I'd take a look at this case. Anita, as stated on her web site, "crossed over and came back". Believe it or not, and that's your choice despite the evidence, this is an incredible story. Anita was given little hope of surviving her cancer and experienced an NDE (Near Death Experience) whilst in hospital. She describes how she died, passed over and was given the choice to return to her body. She saw the true meaning of here life and that "heaven is a state, not a place." She returned and fully recovered from her illness. I'm intrigued ...and to think that before last week's lesson I was totally unaware of such life experiences!

It's all on the web site and for those who would like to read more, there are a number of Youtube interview links as well has her own book, detailing events. Just click on the image to go to the Amazon site, then Look Inside!

Dan Rhema

In another link from Dr Sartori's web site I found the story of Dan Rhema. Dan's web site explains how he contracted Dengue Fever that escalated to Spinal Meningitis by the time he was admitted to hospital. He suffered an NDE and lived to tell his story, through art. He recovered and now creates works of art as representations of his experiences. He has his own book, to complement his Internet presence. Click on the picture link below to take a look. I find his work to be emotive and descriptive - a positive shine on a traumatic experience.

 The three topics, aside from the course material have provided me with some great background information and examples of the natural healing process that science so plainly struggles to interpret. The latter examples are proof positive that NDE's cannot easily be explained in scientific terms and demand more investigation goes into this field of research

...and that leads nicely onto session 2, yesterdays second class.

30th April 2012 - Week 2

Classroom Notes

Following Dr. Sartori's flying visit to speak at the Final Passages: Near Death and the Experience of Dying conference in Wisconsin last week - oh to be so lucky - we were treated to a brief overview of the event. The events were recorded and will appear on the conference web site soon. Take a look. There's very many interesting aspects to consider.

We quickly moved on to discuss one of the main contributors, Dr. Stanislav Grof. Here's a link to his web site and profile.

Dr. Grof is a psychiatrist and pioneer of the research into the healing powers of transformative and "non-ordinary states of consciousness." His work dates back to the 1960's when he played a leading part in exposing the benefits of the controlled prescription of LSD. There's heaps to talk about and discuss around the subject, but we only referenced his work with regard to consciousness. Feel free to use the links to delve deeper. I know I'll be reading into this a lot more over the next few days.

Another attendee who was briefly discussed was Peter Russell. Here's a link to his web site and profile. In his own words, his latest book tells the story "...of Peter Russell's lifelong exploration into the nature of consciousness. Blending physics, psychology, and philosophy, he leads us to a new worldview in which consciousness is a fundamental quality of creation. He shows how all the ingredients for this worldview are in place; nothing new needs to be discovered. We have only to put the pieces together and explore the new picture of reality that emerges."

I've ordered my copy and will be reading it over the next few weeks - I'll be sure to provide my review. Click on the picture above to visit the Amazon web site to take a 'look inside'.

...and so to this week's presentation,

After Death, Then What? NDE's in a Hospital Context

Dr. Sartori was pleased to be able to present her own PowerPoint slide show and discuss the issues which she's been researching and studying with regard to NDE's - Near Death Experiences.

What happens when we die?

When the brain shuts down and loses it's electrical impulses and the heart stops beating Science states we have died. NDE's can occur when the heart has stopped and also when it hasn't yet failed.
Dr. Raymond Moody coined the term 'NDE' in his 1975 book, "Life After Life". Check out this link to the Amazon book site to take a 'look inside' should you wish to know more on his work.


Components of an NDE

People who've undergone a Near Death Experience have commonly stated:

1. Even though they are unable to communicate, some have been able to listen and hear news from the medical staff, informing relatives or colleagues that they they are close to death.
2. Some have a full life review - key memories are played out before them; life 'flashes before their eyes'.
3. OBE's - some people experience Out of Body Experiences and have been able to recall looking down on their bodies and the room around them. They believe that when this happens the 'real them' is the one looking down, not the body on the bed.
4. Some people state they have a tunnel and light experience i.e. they are going down a tunnel towards a bright light. Some report being 'magnetically' drawn down the tunnel.
5. Common feelings of peace and calm, the pain having gone away.
6. Some people experience being in beautiful gardens when they move into the light.
7. People have recalled meeting deceased friends and relatives, who commonly come to help them on their journey, or to send them back.
8. Meeting a being of light. This is usually associated with different cultures and religions.
9. Telepathic communication - non verbal conversation - occurs with this figure.
10. There has been a barrier, or recognised point of no return. Patients have recounted having their own choice as to whether or not to cross over. Also, some people have reached this point only to be informed by a figure, friend or relative that it is not yet their time and they have been sent back with no choice in the matter.
11. Upon coming back into their body, people have described the process as floating gently down, or as just waking up from a sleep, or having re-entered very fast, through the top of the head.
12. Transformation - all people who have survived an NDE have been transformed in the way they live their lives, as described below. The experience has been so powerful that they are unable to resume their lives with their previous outlooks and lifestyles.

Harrowing NDE's

Studies (by Bush and Grayson: web link) have shown that approx. 14% of NDE's are described as frightening, in one of the following ways

1. Frightening, out of control feelings.
2. Being in a void - total blackness with anxious feelings of being alone and of being trapped.
3. Hellish experiences e.g. desolate landscapes, demonic beings, frightening animals.

The Transformation - Positive After Affects of an NDE

As mentioned above, people who recover from NDE's most always are transformed by the experience. Commonly,

1. No fear of death. they don't feel superhuman, just that they are accepting of their future demise.
2. They are more tolerant towards other people, whereas in the past they wouldn't have been.
3. Similarly they are more compassionate and loving towards others.
4. No longer materialistic. New cars, the latest gadgets and luxury houses do not concern them.
5. Status is no longer important - top jobs and high profile roles seem irrelevant.
6. Some people experience sensitivity to electrical equipment e.g. phones, laptops and light bulbs go faulty when they come into regular contact with them.
7. Some people describe they have the ability to heal others by touch.
8. More psychic - the ability to read peoples thoughts and predict their actions.
9. All receive a huge psychological boost that results in them wanting to live much more purposeful lives, seeking out new goals and experiences.
10. Become more, or less spiritual or religious in their beliefs.

I must confess that I have witnessed this with a close member of my family, who having nearly died whilst in her late twenties, now lives life to the full, chasing new experiences and challenges. Also, that person is very much more tolerant and compassionate, less materialistic, abhors status seekers, doesn't fear death but accepts its definite eventuality and looks forward to crossing over to the next plane. Also, they have become much more spiritual and have increased psychic awareness. The transformation and psychological boost is plain for all to see ...and we do seem to go through very many light bulbs these days!

Hence, whilst I'm intrigued and keen to learn more, I'm already a firm believer in the above properties. Aside, the following questions can still be asked:

Are NDE's the Affect of a Dying Brain?

Dr. Sartori conducted prolonged research in this area, questioning the frequency of incidents. Also, questioning whether an NDE is the same as an hallucination? I hope we go further into this in the future. Until then...

Can an OBE be verified? An experiment

During her time in the hospital Dr Sartori interviewed and studied many cases of NDE's. She heard detailed descriptions of Out of Body Experiences that recounted exact circumstances - this fact alone, suggests Science cannot presently explain such events. In one experiment she placed a number of dayglo message notes on top of high apparatus, so that they could not been seen from the ground or bed, in the hope that an NDE'ers who may experience an OBE would possibly discover them. Unfortunately in this was never successful during the test period, but for me, the facts remain!

Summary of Studies

1. It's clear that Science cannot presently explain an NDE.
2. Frequency, incidents and facts dictate that NDE's can no longer be ignored or 'explained away' by the medical fraternity.
3. Science must be revised for NDE's to be explained.
4. As such, professional recognition and further research into NDE's is critical.

Here's a VIDEO link to Dr Sartori's presentation at the recent Bioethics Forum, April 2012:

"Research on Near Death Experiences (NDE): The Findings and a Case from an Intensive Care Prospective Study" - Penny Sartori, Ph.D.

The video presentation shows Dr. Sartori putting a great deal more information around the above notes, as well as bravely taking on audience questions.

...and then we were out of time! So much to discuss. The small class has built on it's initial meeting and I feel very comfortable in the friendly and supportive environment. There is a healthy atmosphere and a hunger to learn , to share information and to get the most out of our 10 week course. Week 2 was another insightful and thoroughly enjoyable session. It seems a shame that next Monday's a bank Holiday so we'll have to wait a fortnight to reconvene. I guess Dr. Sartori welcomes the break after her long journey and I know I'll use my time to read Peter Russell's book, 'From Science to God'.


This Week's To Do List:

1. Note down my personal thoughts and update my blog - done; your reading it!
2. Read around the subject, at Dr. Sartori's blog.
3. Order Peter Russell's book and peruse at leisure.
4. email Dr. Sartori for suggested Reading List.
5. email DACE administrators with positive feedback on two lessons to-date.
6. File notes.
7. Continue to commit random acts of kindness.

OOF, so many lists! I seem to have a short work list most days now! So this is what I failed to recall, or maybe was never organised enough to do in my past studies. It certainly helps focus my mind and contributes hugely to effective time management - a critical skill given I'm working full time and helping run the home, whilst still helping run the local Scouts troop and eek out a little free 'me time' for reading and mountain biking ...and talking to my chickens!

It's all good :-)